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Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was also named as Abdul Asif Shaik. After the death of his father, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (who was the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty), he ascended the throne by the name of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. Muhammad Salman Khan Tughluq () (also Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, Prince Fakhr Malik, Jauna Khan, Ulugh Khan; died 20 March 1351) was the Turkic Sultan of Delhi through 1324 to 1351.〔(Tughlaq Shahi Kings of Delhi: Chart ) The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 2, ''p. 369.''.〕 He was the eldest son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. He was born in Kotla Tolay Khan in Multan. His wife was the daughter of the raja of Dipalpur.〔Douie, James M. (1916) ''The Panjab North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, (page 171 ), 〕 Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq sent the young Muhammad to the Deccan to campaign against king Prataparudra of the Kakatiya dynasty whose capital was at Warangal in 1321 and 1323. Muhammad succeeded to the Delhi throne upon his father's death in 1325. Muhammad Tughlaq was a scholar of logic, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, physical sciences and calligraphy. He was also interested in medicine and was skilled in several languages — Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Sanskrit. Ibn Battuta, the famous traveller from Morocco, was a guest at his court.〔http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/article1377184.ece〕 From his accession to the throne in 1325 until his death in 1351, Muhammad contended with 22 rebellions, pursuing his policies consistently and ruthlessly. It is said that he deliberately killed his father Ghiyasudden Tughlaq to ascend the throne of Delhi, although modern historians do not support this theory. From the chronicles of Barani, we came to know that, on his return from a campaign, Ghiyasuddin was watching the parade of the elephants he got as war booty and then the stage along with the Sultan himself, collapsed. It is noteworthy that the salary of the wazir of Muhammed-Bin-Tughlaq was equal to the income of the then Iraq under the Persian Shah. ==Reign== As his reign began, Muhammad attempted, without much success, to enlist the services of the ulemas, the Muslim divines, and the sūfīs, the ascetic mystics. Failing to win the ulemās over, he tried to curtail their powers, as some of his predecessors had, by placing them on an equal footing with other citizens. The Sultan wanted to use the sūfīs’ prestigious position to stabilize his authority as ruler. Yet they had always refused any association with government and would not accept any grants or offices except under duress. Muhammad tried every measure, conciliatory or coercive, to yoke them to his political wagon. Although he humiliated them, he could not break their opposition and succeeded only in dispersing them from the towns of northern India. The transfer of the capital in 1327 to Devagiri (now Daulatabad) was intended to consolidate the conquests in southern India and protect against Mongol incursions. In 1328-9, he ordered a large-scale—in some cases forced—migration of the people of Delhi to Devagiri, a distance of 1,500 km. In effect, it became a "second capital".〔 Contemporary historians like Barani, Ibn Battuta and Islamic left terrible accounts of the events surrounding the shifting of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. Through their writings they showed how the entire city was forced to move leaving a devastated city in its wake. However, the sultan was known to have arranged for all the comforts of the people during their journey to Daulatabad. Shady trees were planted all along the route, free food and water was supplied to the people after every two miles during the journey, and all were provided with means of transport and compensated for the losses which they incurred in leaving their assets at Delhi and all were provided free residence at Daulatabad. The plan became a failure and the people were allowed to return to Delhi in 1335-7. However, Daulatabad became a center of Islamic learning.〔 The consequences for Delhi were very grave because not only had he lost her people but also her former prosperity and grandeur. The sultan tried his best to make amends and invited many scholars and artistes to settle in the city. However the impact of this incident was far-reaching and when Ibn Battuta came to Delhi in 1334 he found certain parts of the city still deserted. There was widespread resentment against the sultan and the bitterness stayed on for years to come. He earned the epithet of ‘pagla Tughlaq’. When he finally died in 1351, one very contemporary observer, Badauni observed, ‘…and so the king was freed from his people, and they from him.’〔 Between 1328 and 1329 the Sultan increased the land tax, which led the peasants in the Doab region revolted. The Sultan ordered his revenue and military officials to "lay waste and plunder the country" in retaliation. Famine started in 1334-5 and lasted 7 years.〔 Another failed experiment was the Qarachi expedition of 1333 into Himachal, which resulted in the annihilation of the 10,000 strong army.〔 Muhammad’s last expedition, against the rebel Ṭaghī, ended with his death near Thatta on 20 March 1351. "He had extended the Delhi empire to its farthest limits, but before his death he lost everything to the south of the Vindhyas."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad bin Tughluq」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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